MOTS-c is a 16-amino acid mitochondrial-derived peptide encoded by the mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene. MOTS-c primarily acts through the Folate-AICAR-AMPK pathway, influencing energy metabolism, insulin resistance, inflammatory response, exercise capacity, and aging-related processes. Under stress conditions, MOTS-c translocates to the nucleus where it regulates the expression of stress adaptation-related genes with antioxidant response elements (ARE). MOTS-c has been shown to alter plasma metabolites and enhance insulin sensitivity by modulating multiple metabolic pathways including sphingolipid metabolism.
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